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5.10. 9:8B@9FBCB8D4:4F9?PAO9 E?B64.
9:8B@9F4> BEB54S 7DGCC4 E?B6.
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187

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190

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B5D4;B64A<9 <@ѐA CDEB6 -al (typical), -ing
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CB@BM< EGHH<>EB6: -ment (development), -ness (darkness);
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E?B6BE?B:9A<9:
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A4CD46?9A<= 6 B5M9B5D4;B64F9?PAOI BD74A<;4J4 @B8G?S CB FD<4F?BAG EBK9F49FES CD4>F< EB 6E9@< 54;B6O@< 6<84@<
ECBDF4, 6IB8SM<@< 6 GK95AO= CD98@9F «(<;4S >G?PFGD4» 6 B5M9B5D4;B64F9?PAB=
BD74A<;4J<< (?97>4S 4F?9F<>4, 7<@A4EF<>4, ECBDF<6AO9 <7DO < 8DG7<9), CD98CB?474S 8BEFGCABEFP
BE6B9A4F97BDB7B D4;64I 6A9GDBKAB= 89SF9?PABEF<, 8BCB?AB?PAOI ECBDF<6AOI >?G5B6, CB87BFB6>9 B5GK4RM E84K9 ABD@ &" < GK4EF<< 6
ECBDF<6AOI EBD96AB64AB= >G?PFGDO CDBJ9EE4 BE6B9AB= CB87BFB6?9AABEF< B5GK4RM4@< B5D4;B64F9?PAOI BFABL9A<= <; C9D9KAS, CD98?4749@B7B
B5D4;B64F9?PAB= BD74A<;4J<9=, 6>?RK4RM9=, 6 K4EFABEF<, GK95AO9 @B8G?< CB 6O5BDG
B5GK4RMBAAOI CD98EF46B6 H<;B= >G?PFGDO E 3-I K4EB6B= A989?PAB= A47DG;>B= D9>B@9A8G9@O=
B5Nѐ@ 6 5, 6, 7, 8, 9-I >?4EE4I - CB 34 K4E4);
6 6<89 8BCB?A4I 6A9GDBKAB= 89SF9?PABEF< < (J<=, L>B?PAOI ECBDF<6AOI >?G5B6, 6>?RK4S B@9A8G9@O= B5N9@ 6 5, 6, 7, 8, 9-I >?4EE4I - CB 34 K4E4).
%B89D:4A<9 @B8G?S CB FD<4F?BAG.

584

A4A?48 6
D4;64?9A84DP EBD96AB64A<= < H<;>G?PFGDAOI @9DBCDB= (989D4J<<, 6 D974S ?<74 FD<4F?BA4, CDB9>FO CB FD<4F?BAG 8?S B5D4;B64F9?PAOI
BD74A<;4J<= < B5GK4RM9FB= 5D<748O. &D95B64A
GK4EFA<>4@ EBD96AB64A<=. "EAB6AO9 F9D@G?PFGDO ;4ASF<= FD<4F?BAB@, CB6989A4K9EF69 ;D 69?BEF9DAO9 FD46@O FD<4F?BAB7B D4;6B= CB87BFB6?9AABEF< BD74A<;@4.
?D9C?9A<9 ;8BDB6PS, CB6OL9A<9 HGA>J4K9EF6.
"EAB6O BD74A<;4J<< ;8BDB6B7B B5D4;4 :<;A< ED98EF64@< FD<4F?BA4, @9FB8O CDBHF<><
6D98AOI CD<6OK9>, 4EBJ<4?PAB7B < EB ;46BAH?<>FAOI E4JBDD<7F9D4 ED98EF6 B5M9= < EC9J<4?PAB= H<;B= CB87BFB6><, CD<@9AS9@OI 6
GK95AOI ;4ASFFF<6ABEFP F<>4
CDBIB:89ABAFDB?P < 97B DB?P 6 GK95AB= < EBD96AB64F9?PAB= 89SF9?PABEF<. #9D6O9 CD<;A4><
GFB@?9AB= A47DG;><, CD<9@O @4EE4:4 < E4@B@4EE4:4
CBE?9 H<;B= A47DG;>< < 59;BC4EABEF< 6B 6D9@S GK95AOI < FD9A @9EF4@ CDB6989A9, F9DAO9 FD46@O FD<4F?BAFBD<< DBEF4) H<;B= CB87BFB6?9AABEF<.
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A8<6<8G4?PAO9 >B@C?9>EO B5M9D4;6<64RMBDD<74, ;4ASFF<6ABEF< EB ED98EF64@< FD<4F?BA4 (<7DO EB E69DEFA<>4@<).
#B86<:AO9 <7DO < QEF4H9FO E Q?9@9AF4@< FD<4F?BA4.
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«&D<4F?BA».

585
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#B85BD < EBEF46?9A<9 >B@C?9>EB6 B5M9D4;6<64RMFB@C?9>EB6 GCD4:A9A<= 4, CB87BFB6?RK<9 < F4>F<9 89=EF64 C9D986<:9A9,
C?464A B@C?9>EO GCD4:A9A<= A4
«BCBDAO= 7D95B>», C?464A4»;
EB69DL9AEF6B64A<9 F9IA<>< ECBDF<6AOI ECBEB5B6 C?464A < AB7, CDO:>B6 6 6B8G, D4;?, E 8OI4A<9@ A4 3, 5, 7 7D95>B6, C?464A<9 EB E@9AB= E>BDBEF< <
K4EFBFO 7D95>B6;
EB69DL9AEF6B64A<9 F9IA<>< < F4>F<>< C?464ADOFB= 6B89: C?464A<9 E CB8ASFB=
7B?B6B=, C?464A<9 6 7DGCC9 ECBDFE@9AB6 E B5M97B EF4DF4 (E CBAFBA4 4 54EE9=A4),
C?464A<9 E 6OIB8B@ A4 59D97 (5BDF<> 54EE9=A4), CBEF9C9AAB9 G69?4 C9D986<:9A4 9;8O CB >DG7G EB E@9AB= A4CD46?9AD4F>B6D9@9AAB= BEF4AB6>B= 6 ;484AAB@ @9EF9, CD9B8B?9A<9 CD9CSFEF6<= D4;?B=»;
CD464 < F9IA<>4 C984? A4 DG?9 69?BE<, 9;84 A4 69?BE?RK4F9?S C9D984K 8?S <;@9A9ABDBEFPR 86<:9A4 CDBIB:89AB6: BEB59AABEF< CBE48>< A4 D4;?4I
FD4EEO, A4 CDBIB:89A<< CB6BDBFB6, CB8N9@B6 < ECGE>B6, ECBEB5O 5974
E 69?BE< A4 69?BE4 C9D986<:9A4):
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ECBDBEFPR, CDO:>B6O9 <
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8DG7<= A4DB8 < B@4A8O EFD4AO CB FD<4F?BAG A4
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@?G5B6, 4 F4>:9 L>B?PAOI ECBDF<6AOI >?G5B6;
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8BEF<74FP 6 Aѐ@ 6;4<@BCBA<@4AB=
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@BD4?PAB= >B@C9F9AFABEF< 6 CDBJ9EE9 ;4ASF<=, <7DB6B= < EBD96AB64F9?PAB= 89SF9?PABEF< CB
FD<4F?BAG;
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ED98EF64@< FD<4F?BA4.
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G@9A<9 E4@BEFBSF9?PAB BCD989?SFP J9?< < EBEF46?SFP C?4AO 6 D4@>4I H<;>G?PFGDABECBDF<6AB= 89SF9?PABEF<, 6O5F<>G 6 D4;?BAFDB?BDD9>FBAFDB?P E6B9= 89SF9?PABEF< 6 CDBJ9EE9 8BEF<:9A4I CD98?B:9AAOI GE?B6<= <
FD95B64A<=, >BDD9>FBAFDB?S, E4@BBJ9A><, CD4@<, D45BF4FP BAH?<>FO A4 BEAB69 EB7?4EB64AB@C9F9AFABEF<
6
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HGA>J4K9EF6, A4
B7B D4;6B= CB87BFB6?9AABEF< BD74A<;@4;
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89SF9?PABEF<;
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CB@BMA<>4 GK4@<;
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F9@C4 < 8G ECBDF<6AB7B C?464AB6, F9IA<>< 5974 CB D46ABDBEF< 5974 <
K4EFBFO L47B6, F9IA<>< 9;8O A4 69?BE4 < EIB8 E 69?BEB6, CB6BDBFB6 6 D4;?4@< F9IAB7B B5E?G:<64AB@4A8AOI F4>F<= 89=EF6<=
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H<;B= A47DG;><  @9EF4@ CDB6989A 69?BE4K9EF69 ;D4;4AB6 < D4;64K9EF6 FD<4F?BABAFDB?F<6ABEFP QFF<>< 6D98AOI CD<6OK9>, 4EBJ<4?PAB7B < EB;46BAFDB?PAB-F9EFB6OI GCD4:A9A<= CB B5M9=, EC9J<4?PAB=
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CB87BFB6?9AABEF< 6 FD<4F?BA9 EB E69DEFA<>4@<.

588

B8G?P «4CF4».
163.10.14.1. #BSEA4 @B8G?S «4CF4».
B8G?P «4CF4» (84?99 - @B8G?P CB ?4CF9, ?4CF4) A4 GDB6A9 BEAB6AB7B B5M97B B5D4;B64A4;4AB= CB@BM< GKB= >G?PFGDO 6 EB;84A<<
D45BK9= CDB7D4@@O CB H<;B= >G?PFGD9 E GKѐFB@ EB6D9@9AAOI F9A89AJ<= 6 E4S ?4CF4 - B8A4 <; 8D96A9=L4S ?4CF4 S6?S9FES BHB?PAB7B
6B;D4EF4 < CDB8B?:4FP QFG 89SF9?PABEFP A4 CDBFS:9A<< @AB7B7B 6BECD9C?9AB@C?9>EAB@G D4;64K9EF6, >B@C?9>EAB
6?4, G>D9C?SS < CB6OL4S JBAB@B= 8BEFGCABEFPR.
#D< CDB6989A<< GK95AB= < 6A9GDBKAB= 89SF9?PABEF< A9 FD95G9FES 5B?PL4> 6 ;4?9, F4> < A4 BF>DOFB@ 6B;8GI9.
$97G?SDAO9 ;4ASF4K9EF6 B5GK4RMB??9>F<6<;@4, 4K9EF6, 4 F4>:9 ECBEB5EF6G9F HBD@B@C?9>E4 CEB7B BFABL9A 89SF9?PABEF<.
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B5M9K9?B69K9E>B= >G?PFGDO < EBJ<4?PAB7B E4@BBCD989?9A
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589
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6 BE6B9A<< CDB7D4@@ 6 D4@>4I 6A9GDBKAB= 89SF9?PABEF<, 89SF9?PABEF< L>B?PAOI ECBDF<6AOI
>?G5B6, CB87BFB6>9 B5GK4RM E84K9 ABD@ &" < GK4EF<< 6 ECBDF<6AOI @9DBCDB= >G?PFGDO CDBJ9EE4
BE6B9AB= CB87BFB6?9AABEF< B5GK4RMB= <
4@< B5D4;B64F9?PAOI BFABL9A<= <; C9D9KAS, CD98?4749@B7B
B5D4;B64F9?PAB= BD74A<;4J<9=, 6>?RK4RM9=, 6 K4EFABEF<, GK95AO9 @B8G?< CB 6O5BDG
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B5Nѐ@ 6 5, 6, 7, 8, 9-I >?4EE4I - CB 34 K4E4);
6 6<89 8BCB?A4I 6A9GDBKAB= 89SF9?PABEF< < (J<=, L>B?PAOI ECBDF<6AOI >?G5B6, 6>?RK4S B@9A8G9@O= B5Nѐ@ 6 5, 6, 7, 8, 9-I >?4EE4I - CB 34 K4E4).
%B89D:4A<9 @B8G?S CB ?4CF9.
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;D4.
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%CBEB5O < @9FB8O CDBHF<>< C47G5AOI CD<6OK9>, 4EBJ<4?PAB7B < EB;46B9 EB69DL9AEF6B64A<9.
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A9B5IB8<@O9 8?S B6?489AB= < F4>F<>B= <7DO 6 ?4CFG.
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